Abstract            Volume:13  Issue-10  Year-2025         Original Research Articles

Online ISSN : 2347 - 3215 Issues : 12 per year Publisher : Excellent Publishers Email : editorijcret@gmail.com

The production of recombinant human insulin marked a milestone in the history of biotechnology and therapeutic medicine. The introduction of recombinant DNA technology allowed the synthesis of human insulin identical to its natural form, eliminating the limitations of animal-sourced preparations. Over the past four decades, Escherichia coli and yeast have emerged as the two primary expression hosts for recombinant insulin production. This review provides a comprehensive comparison of these systems, focusing on genetic engineering strategies, protein expression, post-translational modifications, purification processes, and industrial applications. It further explores technological innovations, recent trends, and future perspectives in optimizing yield and quality. While E. coli remains the system of choice for large-scale, cost-effective production, yeast offers superior folding and secretion capabilities, producing insulin analogs with improved therapeutic profiles. Together, these systems continue to shape the evolving landscape of biopharmaceutical manufacturing.

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